Followiong is reference material copied from:
"A State-of-the-Art Review of Past Programmes Devoted to Fuel Behaviour Under Loss-of-Coolant Conditions. Part 3. Cladding Oxidation. Resistance to Quench and Post-Quench Loads".
ML081680167 2008-06-13
Resistance to Quench
and Post-Quench Loads.
Claude GRANDJEAN, Georges HACHE
DPAM/SEMCA 2008-093
DIRECTION DE LA PREVENTION DES ACCIDENTS MAJEURS
Service d'Etudes et de Modelisation du Combustible en Situations Accidentelles
3 ZIRCALOY OXIDATION (EXPERIMENTAL RESULTS AND MODELS SUBSEQUENT TO THE
1973 ECCS HEARING)..................................................................................................................................... 47
3.1 ISOTHERMAL OXIDATION KINETICS OF ZIRCALOY.................................................................................. 47
3.1.1 Tests by Biederman et al. (Worcester Polytechnic Institute, USA) ............................................... 47
3.1.2 Tests by Westerman & Hesson (Battelle Pacific Northwest Laboratories, USA).......................... 49
3.1.3 Tests by Suzuki and Kawasaki (JAERI, Japan) ............................................................................. 50
3.1.4 Tests by Cathcart, Pawel et al. (Oak Ridge National Laboratory, USA) ...................................... 51
3.1.4.1 Isothermal tests to determine oxidation kinetics ....................................................................... 52
3.1.4.2 Hydrogen absorption in one-sided oxidation tests..................................................................... 54
3.1.5 Tests by Brown and Healey (CEGB, UK) ..................................................................................... 56
3.1.6 Tests by Urbanic and Heidrick (AECL, Canada).......................................................................... 58
3.1.7 Tests by Leistikow, Schanz et al. (FZK, Germany)........................................................................ 62
3.1.8 Ocken report (EPRI, USA) ............................................................................................................ 69
3.1.9 Tests by Prater and Courtright (PNL, Richland, USA) ................................................................. 72
3.1.10 Tests by Moalem and Olander (Univ. Ca., Berkeley, USA) .......................................................... 75
3.2 EFFECT OF THE FINITE SIZE OF SAMPLES................................................................................................. 79
3.3 TRANSIENT OXIDATION......................................................................................................................... 81
3.3.1 Tests by Cathcart, Pawel et al....................................................................................................... 81
3.3.2 Tests by Leistikow, Schanz et al. ................................................................................................... 84
3.4 INFLUENCE OF INITIAL OXIDATION......................................................................................................... 90
3.4.1 TAGCIS/ TAGCIR tests ................................................................................................................. 90
3.4.2 Tests by Leistikow and Schanz ...................................................................................................... 91
3.5 EFFECT OF IRRADIATION AND/OR INITIAL HYDROGEN CONTENT ............................................................ 94
3.5.1 TAGCIR tests................................................................................................................................ 94
3.5.2 Contribution of CODAZIR test results .......................................................................................... 95
3.5.3 HYDRAZIR oxidation tests............................................................................................................ 97
3.5.3.1 Analysis of the 1997 test series ................................................................................................. 97
3.5.3.2 Analysis of the 1999 test series ................................................................................................. 99
3.5.3.3 Global analysis of all oxidation tests......................................................................................... 99
3.5.4 Contribution of CINOG test results............................................................................................. 101
3.5.5 Information provided by foreign test program results ................................................................ 102
3.5.5.1 JAERI test results .................................................................................................................... 102
3.5.5.2 ANL test results....................................................................................................................... 103
3.5.5.3 Various results........................................................................................................................ 103
3.5.6 Conclusions regarding the effects of irradiation and pre-hydriding........................................... 104
3.6 OXIDATION UNDER LIMITED STEAM SUPPLY – EFFECT OF HYDROGEN CONCENTRATION IN AN OXIDISING
ATMOSPHERE .................................................................................................................................................. 106
3.6.1 Abnormal oxidation and hydrogen absorption in tests by Chung and Kassner .......................... 106
3.6.2 Tests by Chung and Thomas (ANL)............................................................................................. 108
3.6.3 Tests by Uetsuka (KfK)................................................................................................................ 110
3.6.4 Tests by Furuta and Kawasaki (JAERI) ...................................................................................... 113
3.6.5 Tests by Uetsuka and Otomo (JAERI) ......................................................................................... 116
3.6.6 Tests by Prater and Courtright ................................................................................................... 117
3.6.7 Tests by Moalem and Olander..................................................................................................... 118
3.6.8 Conclusion: oxidation under restricted steam flow and diluted steam atmosphere.................... 119
3.7 OXIDATION AT HIGH PRESSURE............................................................................................................ 120
3.7.1 Tests by Pawel et al. .................................................................................................................... 120
3.7.2 Tests by Bramwell et al. .............................................................................................................. 123
3.7.3 Tests by Park et al. ...................................................................................................................... 126
3.7.4 Tests by Vrtilkova et al. ............................................................................................................... 128
3.7.5 Conclusions on oxidation at high pressure ................................................................................. 130
